RedHat -> Mandrake/Mandriva -> PcLinuxOS
Awalnya pingin sekali menginstal ubuntu terbaru (10.04), tetapi apa daya, komputernya tidak mau (vga bikin komputer hang). Coba cari alternatif lain, alhamdulillah, ketemu PC LinuxOS 2010. Ternyata tidak mengecewakan, tidak apalah tidak memakai ubuntu.
Ini adalah screenshootnya:
Seperti yang Anda ketahui, Linux mengorganisasi berkas-berkasnya berbeda dengan Windows. Pada pandangan pertama, struktur direktorinya mungkin terlihat sukar dimengerti dan aneh, dan Anda mungkin tidak tahu di mana program, ikon, berkas konfigurasi, dan yang lainnya disimpan. Ini bukanlah arti yang komplit mengenai semua direktori yang ada pada Linux, tetapi hanya memberi gambaran tempat yang menarik/penting.
< / >
Direktori root (akar). Permulaan dari struktur direktori. Di sinilah Sistem Linux bermula. Semua file dan direktori berada di bawah direktori ini. Biasanya hanya berisi kumpulan dari direktori, jadi merupakan hal yang buruk jika menyimpan berkas langsung di bawahnya. Jangan campur-adukkan antara direktori root dengan akun pengguna root, kata kunci root, atau direktori beranda (home) dari pengguna root.
< /boot >
Di sinilah tempat di mana Linux menyimpan informasi yang dibutuhkan pada saat boot. Contohnya, di sinilah Kernel berada. Jika /boot didaftar, maka akan terlihat berkas vmlinuz (kernel). Di sini juga tempatnya bootloader (Grub atau Lilo) dan berkas yang berhubungan dengannya.
< /etc >
Berkas konfigurasi Sistem Linux disimpan di sini. Kebanyakan filenya berupa teks dan dapat diubah.
/etc/inittab
Berkas teks yang mendeskripsikan proses apa yang dimulai pada saat sistem boot dan dalam operasi normal. Contohnya, di sini terdapat konfigurasi apa yang diinginkan pada Sistem X Window pada saat boot, dan mengkonfigurasi apa yang terjadi ketika tombol Ctrl+Alt+Del ditekan.
/etc/fstab
Di sini berisi berkas yang menggambarkan tentang bermacam-macam sistem file dan titik mount-nya, seperti floppy, CD-ROM, harddisk, dan lain lain.
/etc/passwd
Berisi berbagai macam informasi tentang pengguna.
< /bin, /usr/bin >
Dua direktori ini berisi banyak program (binari, sesuai dengan namanya) untuk sistem. /bin berisi program terpenting yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem untuk beroperasi, seperti shells, ls, grep, dan lain lain. /usr/bin berisi aplikasi untuk sistem pengguna. Bagaimanapun juga, pada beberapa kasus tidaklah terjadi banyak perbedaan apabila program diletakkan di /bin atau /usr/bin.
< /sbin, /usr/sbin >
Sebagian besar program Sistem Administrasi disimpan di sini. Pada banyak kasus harus dijalankan oleh pengguna root.
< /usr >
Pada direktori ini berisi aplikasi user dan berbagai macam berkas, seperti kode sumber, gambar, dokumen, atau berkas konfigurasi yang digunakan. /usr adalah direktori yang paling besar pada Sistem Linux (selain /home), dan beberapa orang suka memisahkannya ke dalam partisi yang berbeda
/usr/doc
Dokumentasi untuk aplikasi pengguna, dalam berbagai macam format.
/usr/share
Berkas konfigurasi dan gambar untuk banyak aplikasi pengguna.
/usr/src
Kode sumber untuk perangkat lunak sistem, termasuk Kernel Linux.
/usr/include
Berkas Header untuk kompiler C.
/usr/X11R6
Sistem X Window dan berbagai hal tentangnya.
< /usr/local >
This is where you install apps and other files for use on the local machine. If your machine is a part of a network, the /usr directory may physically be on another machine and can be shared by many networked Linux workstations. On this kind of a network, the /usr/local directory contains only stuff that is not supposed to be used on many machines and is intended for use at the local machine only.
Most likely your machine isn't a part of a network like this, but it doesn't mean that /usr/local is useless. If you find interesting apps that aren't officially a part of your distro, you should install them in /usr/local. For example, if the app would normally go to /usr/bin but it isn't a part of your distro, you should install it in /usr/local/bin instead. When you keep your own programs away from the programs that are included in your distro, you'll avoid confusion and keep things nice and clean.
< /lib >
The shared libraries for programs that are dynamically linked. The shared libraries are similar to DLL's on Windows operating systems.
< /home >
This is where users keep their personal files. Every user has their own directory under /home, and usually it's the only place where normal users are allowed to write files. You can configure a Linux system so that normal users can't even list the contents of other users' home directories. This means that if your family members have their own user accounts on your Linux system, they won't be able to see any of the files you keep in your home directory.
< /root >
The superuser's (root's) home directory. Don't confuse this with the root directory (/) of a Linux system.
< /var >
This directory contains variable data that changes constantly when the system is running. Some interesting subdirectories:
/var/log
A directory that contains system log files. They're updated when the system runs, and checking them out can give you valuable info about the health of your system. If something in your system suddenly goes wrong, the log files may contain some info about the situation.
/var/mail
Incoming and outgoing mail is stored in this directory.
/var/spool
This directory holds files that are queued for some process, like printing.
< /tmp >
Programs can write their temporary files here.
< /dev >
The devices that are available to a Linux system. Remember that in Linux, devices are treated like files and you can read and write devices like they were files. For example, /dev/fd0 is your first floppy drive, /dev/cdrom is your CD drive, /dev/hda is the first IDE hard drive, and so on. All the devices that a Linux kernel can understand are located under /dev, and that's why it contains hundreds of entries.
< /mnt >
This directory is used for mount points. The different physical storage devices (like the hard disk drives, floppies, CD-ROM's) must be attached to some directory in the file system tree before they can be accessed. This attaching is called mounting, and the directory where the device is attached is called the mount point. The /mnt directory contains mount points for different devices, like /mnt/floppy for the floppy drive, /mnt/cdrom for the CD-ROM, and so on. However, you're not forced to use the /mnt directory for this purpose, you can use whatever directory you wish. Actually, in some distros, like Debian and SuSE, the default is to use /floppy and /cdrom as mount points instead of directories under /mnt.
< /proc >
This is a special directory. Well, actually, /proc is just a virtual directory, because it doesn't exist at all! It contains some info about the kernel itself. There's a bunch of numbered entries that correspond to all processes running on the system, and there are also named entries that permit access to the current configuration of the system. Many of these entries can be viewed.
< /lost+found >
Here, Linux keeps the files that it restores after a system crash or when a partition hasn't been unmounted before a system shutdown. This way you can recover files that would otherwise have been lost.
Perintah:
mengetahui uuid dari partisi: vol_id /dev/sda6 atau ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid
-- mysql --
- mysql-workbench -
# locate libmysqlclient_r.so
/usr/lib/libmysqlclient_r.so.16
/usr/lib/libmysqlclient_r.so.16.0.0
# cd /usr/lib
# sudo ln -s libmysqlclient_r.so.16 libmysqlclient_r.so
Awalnya pingin sekali menginstal ubuntu terbaru (10.04), tetapi apa daya, komputernya tidak mau (vga bikin komputer hang). Coba cari alternatif lain, alhamdulillah, ketemu PC LinuxOS 2010. Ternyata tidak mengecewakan, tidak apalah tidak memakai ubuntu.
Ini adalah screenshootnya:
Seperti yang Anda ketahui, Linux mengorganisasi berkas-berkasnya berbeda dengan Windows. Pada pandangan pertama, struktur direktorinya mungkin terlihat sukar dimengerti dan aneh, dan Anda mungkin tidak tahu di mana program, ikon, berkas konfigurasi, dan yang lainnya disimpan. Ini bukanlah arti yang komplit mengenai semua direktori yang ada pada Linux, tetapi hanya memberi gambaran tempat yang menarik/penting.< / >
Direktori root (akar). Permulaan dari struktur direktori. Di sinilah Sistem Linux bermula. Semua file dan direktori berada di bawah direktori ini. Biasanya hanya berisi kumpulan dari direktori, jadi merupakan hal yang buruk jika menyimpan berkas langsung di bawahnya. Jangan campur-adukkan antara direktori root dengan akun pengguna root, kata kunci root, atau direktori beranda (home) dari pengguna root.
< /boot >
Di sinilah tempat di mana Linux menyimpan informasi yang dibutuhkan pada saat boot. Contohnya, di sinilah Kernel berada. Jika /boot didaftar, maka akan terlihat berkas vmlinuz (kernel). Di sini juga tempatnya bootloader (Grub atau Lilo) dan berkas yang berhubungan dengannya.
< /etc >
Berkas konfigurasi Sistem Linux disimpan di sini. Kebanyakan filenya berupa teks dan dapat diubah.
/etc/inittab
Berkas teks yang mendeskripsikan proses apa yang dimulai pada saat sistem boot dan dalam operasi normal. Contohnya, di sini terdapat konfigurasi apa yang diinginkan pada Sistem X Window pada saat boot, dan mengkonfigurasi apa yang terjadi ketika tombol Ctrl+Alt+Del ditekan.
/etc/fstab
Di sini berisi berkas yang menggambarkan tentang bermacam-macam sistem file dan titik mount-nya, seperti floppy, CD-ROM, harddisk, dan lain lain.
/etc/passwd
Berisi berbagai macam informasi tentang pengguna.
< /bin, /usr/bin >
Dua direktori ini berisi banyak program (binari, sesuai dengan namanya) untuk sistem. /bin berisi program terpenting yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem untuk beroperasi, seperti shells, ls, grep, dan lain lain. /usr/bin berisi aplikasi untuk sistem pengguna. Bagaimanapun juga, pada beberapa kasus tidaklah terjadi banyak perbedaan apabila program diletakkan di /bin atau /usr/bin.
< /sbin, /usr/sbin >
Sebagian besar program Sistem Administrasi disimpan di sini. Pada banyak kasus harus dijalankan oleh pengguna root.
< /usr >
Pada direktori ini berisi aplikasi user dan berbagai macam berkas, seperti kode sumber, gambar, dokumen, atau berkas konfigurasi yang digunakan. /usr adalah direktori yang paling besar pada Sistem Linux (selain /home), dan beberapa orang suka memisahkannya ke dalam partisi yang berbeda
/usr/doc
Dokumentasi untuk aplikasi pengguna, dalam berbagai macam format.
/usr/share
Berkas konfigurasi dan gambar untuk banyak aplikasi pengguna.
/usr/src
Kode sumber untuk perangkat lunak sistem, termasuk Kernel Linux.
/usr/include
Berkas Header untuk kompiler C.
/usr/X11R6
Sistem X Window dan berbagai hal tentangnya.
< /usr/local >
This is where you install apps and other files for use on the local machine. If your machine is a part of a network, the /usr directory may physically be on another machine and can be shared by many networked Linux workstations. On this kind of a network, the /usr/local directory contains only stuff that is not supposed to be used on many machines and is intended for use at the local machine only.
Most likely your machine isn't a part of a network like this, but it doesn't mean that /usr/local is useless. If you find interesting apps that aren't officially a part of your distro, you should install them in /usr/local. For example, if the app would normally go to /usr/bin but it isn't a part of your distro, you should install it in /usr/local/bin instead. When you keep your own programs away from the programs that are included in your distro, you'll avoid confusion and keep things nice and clean.
< /lib >
The shared libraries for programs that are dynamically linked. The shared libraries are similar to DLL's on Windows operating systems.
< /home >
This is where users keep their personal files. Every user has their own directory under /home, and usually it's the only place where normal users are allowed to write files. You can configure a Linux system so that normal users can't even list the contents of other users' home directories. This means that if your family members have their own user accounts on your Linux system, they won't be able to see any of the files you keep in your home directory.
< /root >
The superuser's (root's) home directory. Don't confuse this with the root directory (/) of a Linux system.
< /var >
This directory contains variable data that changes constantly when the system is running. Some interesting subdirectories:
/var/log
A directory that contains system log files. They're updated when the system runs, and checking them out can give you valuable info about the health of your system. If something in your system suddenly goes wrong, the log files may contain some info about the situation.
/var/mail
Incoming and outgoing mail is stored in this directory.
/var/spool
This directory holds files that are queued for some process, like printing.
< /tmp >
Programs can write their temporary files here.
< /dev >
The devices that are available to a Linux system. Remember that in Linux, devices are treated like files and you can read and write devices like they were files. For example, /dev/fd0 is your first floppy drive, /dev/cdrom is your CD drive, /dev/hda is the first IDE hard drive, and so on. All the devices that a Linux kernel can understand are located under /dev, and that's why it contains hundreds of entries.
< /mnt >
This directory is used for mount points. The different physical storage devices (like the hard disk drives, floppies, CD-ROM's) must be attached to some directory in the file system tree before they can be accessed. This attaching is called mounting, and the directory where the device is attached is called the mount point. The /mnt directory contains mount points for different devices, like /mnt/floppy for the floppy drive, /mnt/cdrom for the CD-ROM, and so on. However, you're not forced to use the /mnt directory for this purpose, you can use whatever directory you wish. Actually, in some distros, like Debian and SuSE, the default is to use /floppy and /cdrom as mount points instead of directories under /mnt.
< /proc >
This is a special directory. Well, actually, /proc is just a virtual directory, because it doesn't exist at all! It contains some info about the kernel itself. There's a bunch of numbered entries that correspond to all processes running on the system, and there are also named entries that permit access to the current configuration of the system. Many of these entries can be viewed.
< /lost+found >
Here, Linux keeps the files that it restores after a system crash or when a partition hasn't been unmounted before a system shutdown. This way you can recover files that would otherwise have been lost.
Perintah:
mengetahui uuid dari partisi: vol_id /dev/sda6 atau ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid
-- mysql --
- mysql-workbench -
# locate libmysqlclient_r.so
/usr/lib/libmysqlclient_r.so.16
/usr/lib/libmysqlclient_r.so.16.0.0
# cd /usr/lib
# sudo ln -s libmysqlclient_r.so.16 libmysqlclient_r.so
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